AP Biology Summer Scavenger Hunt- Fiser: September 2011

“ There are two areas of the brain that researchers have identified with being involved with reading: the left gyrus and the left superiorparietal lobe.”

Alcantara, S. T. (n.d.). How Does Reading Affect the Brain? | eHow.com. eHow | How to Videos, Articles & More - Trusted Advice for the Curious Life | eHow.com. Retrieved September 12, 2011, from http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4895990_reading-affect-brain.html

“There are several areas of the brain that are used in the processing of language. The "Visual Processing Area" or "Visual Cortex" is at the back of the brain (in the Occipital Lobe).”

How the Brain reads and Writes. (n.d.). e-speec.com. Retrieved September 13, 2011, from http://www.e-speec.com/functions.htm

“When we read, information is passed from the Visual Cortex to an area called Wernicke's Area (named after a German neurologist). This area, partly in the upper part of the Temporal Lobe and partly in the Parietal Lobe, is where the visual information seems to be decoded and meaning extracted.”

"How the Brain reads and Writes." e-speec.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2011. <http://www.e-speec.com/functions.htm>

“When you remember something neurons fire signals down particular synapse pathways to other neurons which in turn fire signals to other neurons. The particular sequence represents a memory.”

Shead, M. (n.d.). How to Memorize - Learn to memorize and increase memory | Productivity501. Productivity501 - Maximize the productivity in your work and play.. Retrieved September 13, 2011, from http://www.productivity501.com/how-to-memorize-verbatim-text/294/

“The act of reading something you want to memorize fires different connections than the act of recalling.”

“Your goal is to quickly get the information into your short term memory so you can start practicing the recall process...”

“International research found memory retention was 20% lower when reading from an iPad compared to print.”

Memory Retention: iPad vs Print. (n.d.). Upload & Share PowerPoint presentations and documents. Retrieved September 19, 2011, from http://www.slideshare.net/SMEGroup/memory-retention-digital-vs-print

“ To maximize memory retention, classroom learning needs to combine digital and print materials.”

“In 5 years the desktop computer will be dead as the majority of people will access the internet via mobile device.”

"Professor Richie Blackmore, professor of physiology at Oxford university and former lead guitarist for rock group Deep Purple, said: "There is evidence of an adverse effect on cognitive function, memory and attention [when using mobile phones]."

Heimer, A. Z. (n.d.). Mobile phones cause memory loss â€¢ The Register. The Register: Sci/Tech News for the World. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/03/01/mobile_phone_cause_memory_loss/

“Reading from computer screens is tiring for the eyes and about 25 percent slower than reading from paper.”

Why Web Users Scan Instead of Reading (Alertbox Sidebar). (n.d.). useit.com: Jakob Nielsen on Usability and Web Design. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://www.useit.com/alertbox/whyscanning.html

“Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and plasma monitors - reduce reflective glare and help reduce the effects of eye fatigue”

Reading—from a computer screen. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://jobaccess.gov.au/Advice/JobRequirement/Pages/Reading_from_computer_scr.aspx

“Screen size is measured as the distance from the bottom left corner to the top right corner. The actual viewing distance is slightly smaller than this.”

Reading—from a computer screen. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://jobaccess.gov.au/Advice/JobRequirement/Pages/Reading_from_computer_scr.aspx

“Resolution: the images on a computer monitor are made up of a series of small dots called pixels. Resolution refers to the maximum number of these pixels that the monitor can display with the writing on the screen becoming smaller when resolution increases.”

Reading—from a computer screen. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://jobaccess.gov.au/Advice/JobRequirement/Pages/Reading_from_computer_scr.aspx

“Pixel size: the smaller the size of the pixels (image dots), the easier the screen will be on the eye.”

Reading—from a computer screen. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://jobaccess.gov.au/Advice/JobRequirement/Pages/Reading_from_computer_scr.aspx

"A classic experiment on fast forgetting was carried out by Peterson and Peterson (1959). They asked participants to memorise a three-letter sequence, then count backwards in sets of threes. Participants were then asked to try and recall the three-letter sequence after different lengths of time counting backwards."

How Quickly We Forget: The Transience of Memory — PsyBlog. (n.d.). Psychology studies relevant to everyday life from PsyBlog. Retrieved September 23, 2011, from http://www.spring.org.uk/2008/01/how-quickly-we-forget-transience-of.php

“After only six seconds of counting backwards in threes, on average half of the original three letters had disappeared from memory. By the time participants had been counting backwards for 12 seconds, less than 15% of the original memory remained. Finally after 18 seconds it was all but gone.”

"That means we lose a lot of information soon after it goes in, then, over time, the rate of forgetting slows down."

"You are about to do a small short term memory test. A few letters will flash on your computer monitor for 3 seconds. Your job is to write down as many letters as you can remember after they disappear. Print out this page and use it as your data sheet."

Short Term Memory. (n.d.). UW Faculty Web Server. Retrieved September 23, 2011, from http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm0.html

“Short term memory games” (images and data will be referenced)

Neuroscience For Kids - memory experiments . (n.d.). UW Faculty Web Server. Retrieved September 23, 2011, from http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmemory.html

“The things that you are processing in your memory at any one time is the short-term memory. This is a limited store for things that you can think about at one time -- typically around seven.”

Short-term memory. (n.d.). Changing minds and persuasion -- How we change what others think, believe, feel and do. Retrieved September 25, 2011, from http://changingminds.org/explanations/memory/short-term_memory.htm

“Items in short-term memory do not stay there by themselves and need constant attention and rehearsal to keep them in place. Without attention, they will typically remain for 20 to 30 seconds, but this can be much less.”

“It is notable that newspaper columns often hold on average about seven words. This allows the whole line to be taken in at one glance without having to move the eyes horizontally. Thus you can read quickly and easily by scanning downwards only.”

“Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed.”

Cherry. (n.d.). Long Term Memory - What Is Long Term Memory - Definition. Psychology - Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Retrieved September 25, 2011, from http://psychology.about.com/od/memory/f/long-term-memory.htm

“The creation of a memory begins with its perception: The registration of information during perception occurs in the brief sensory stage that usually lasts only a fraction of a second. It's your sensory memory that allows a perception such as a visual pattern, a sound, or a touch to linger for a brief moment after the stimulation is over.”

Mohs, R. C., & PhD. (n.d.). HowStuffWorks "Short and Long Term Memory". HowStuffWorks "Science". Retrieved September 25, 2011, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/human-memory2.htm

1. Memory is defined as the ability to retain and recall into consciousness, previously experienced ideas, sensations and learned information.

Improve memory retention. (n.d.). Herbs For Health - Nahanni River Herbs. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from http://www.nahanniriverherbs.com/97,199

2. Our lifestyle choices can profoundly impact overall brain health and memory retention. Too much stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to environmental pollutants and some prescription drugs may all adversely affect our brain.

Improve memory retention. (n.d.). Herbs For Health - Nahanni River Herbs. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from http://www.nahanniriverherbs.com/97,19

Short term memory was postulated to explain temporary retention of information as distinct from long term retention of information . Short term memory acts to also store current sensory information and to rehearse new information from sensory buffers. It has limited capacity (Miller's 7 plus or minus 2).

4. The probability of encoding in Long term memory has been directly related to time in short term memory.

5.Articulatory Loop Rehearsal limitations are due to limits in how long it takes verbal material to decay, not how many items we can store. Hence, the faster we can rehearse, the more we can store (Baddeley, 1986).

7. Learning new associations to stimuli causes forgetting of old associations. However, interference does not happen with factual material when the additional facts are redundant with (e.g., causally related to) the original facts.

8. Method of Loci- The ancients remembered things by imagining taking a familiar walk, and placing the things to be remembered at locations along the way. This method works because it organizes the material to be remembered and it encourages elaborative processing and memorable imagery.

Memory Encoding, Storage Retention and Retrieval. (n.d.). Memory Brain Mind Research Technology induced altered states using binaural beat brainwave syncronization tapes brain wave entrainment technology for Altered states meditation relaxation lucid dreaming stress management sleep aid enhanced learning depres. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from http://web-us.com/memory/memory_encoding.htm

9. "The take-home lesson is that learning and retention involve the active processing of information, and a passive reading of material is simply not enough to retain it well," suggests Henry L. "Roddy" Roediger III, Ph.D., study co-author and an internationally recognized scholar of human memory function at Washington University.

Practicing information retrieval is key to memory retention, study finds. (n.d.).Newsroom. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/11091.aspx

10.

Sleep aids memory. Whether tested inanimals or humans, studies have shown that sense memories--such as learning a certain sequence of dance steps--take root more solidly when paired with adequate rest.

Snooze or Lose: Memory Retention Enhanced by Sleep. (n.d.). Scientific American. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=snooze-or-lose-memory-ret

11.

muttering to yourself and talking about things out loud helps improve your memory and the knowledge that you retain.

Talking Out Loud Improves Memory Retention. (n.d.). Lifehacker, tips and downloads for getting things done. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from http://lifehacker.com/5552556/talking-out-loud-improves-memory-retention

12.

The production effect works because it makes part of the list of items more distinctive. The words you speak aloud are now translated into speech and you have knowledge of producing the items as well as a memory of hearing them. All of this information makes your memory for the spoken items more distinct from the rest of the items that were read silently.

13.

Short term memory refers to the recent memory, and is usually only held for a very short period of time.

What is Memory Retention?. (n.d.). EzineArticles Submission - Submit Your Best Quality Original Articles For Massive Exposure, Ezine Publishers Get 25 Free Article Reprints. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Memory-Retention?&id=996416

14.

Long term memory, on the other hand, can be thought of as a database where all the information that you have learned is kept. Sensory memory is conveyed through your senses of sight and sound, where you keep these "images" in your mind.

15.

This has been attributed to the fact that sleep strengthens the memories and causes them to be less vulnerable to environmental interference.

16.

The emotional impact that an image, word or event has on the individual has a huge impact on it being stored in the long term memory. This is as the amygdale, the portion of the mind that is related to emotion, is an important factor in adapting memories according to importance, based on the intensity of the emotions

17.

Mind mapping is a visual information management tool that enables you to structure, organise, memorise, arrange, brainstorm and learn information in a highly specialised way. The human mind has a limitless capacity to think, comprehend and store large reservoirs of information, and so mind mapping enables academic students, business professionals and anyone else who wants to recall information easily for future use to tackle and take control of an overwhelming amount of information.

brain, s. s. (n.d.). Use Colours To Improve Memory Retention, Comprehension And Understanding « Get Better Grades. How To Study Smarter - Get Better Grades In School Or College. Retrieved October 5, 2011, from http://www.get-better-grades.com/blog/use-colours-to-improve-memory-retention-comprehension-and-understanding/

18.

Mind maps are a fast way to collect knowledge in a way that your brain will remember for much longer but they are also fun to make and can be easily redrawn for review purposes. A Mind Map is a summary you can use after reading a chapter or article, to reinforce the relationships between the various content elements.

19.

The reason is because they hear only that in which they are interested, and to which their attention has been diverted. That is the whole secret, and in it is also to be found the secret of training of the ear-perception.

Memory and Your Senses. (n.d.). PsiTek - FREE Metaphysical Books. Retrieved October 11, 2011, from http://www.psitek.net/pages/PsiTekPWTSYM5.html

20.

"The wavelength of wireless signals (which is about 2 to 2.5 cm) used for mobile phones and other wireless terminals matches with that received by the human eye. The dielectric constant (absorption capacity) of eye tissues is around 70 which is greater than unity (above 50). This means that the eye can absorb electromagnetic energy very quickly

Cell phones can damage eyes: Study - Times Of India. (n.d.). Featured Articles From The Times Of India. Retrieved October 13, 2011, from http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-23/vadodara/28301998_1_mobile-phones-human-eye-mobile-handset

21.

"The problem is not that the eye absorbs the energy, but that the heat absorbed by the eye does not get transmitted or radiated out of the body," says Dwivedi, adding that prolonged usage of mobile phones can affect retina, sclera, lens, cornea as well as vitreous humour which are parts of the human eye.

22.

These scientists have also recommended that a mobile handset should be kept as far as possible from the eye. "It should not be used more than is necessary. A user should avoid use of mobile in rural areas or a car where the cell phone uses more power and the SAR value can be ten or hundred times higher than the normal

23.

At the current time, there are no studies showing any kind of permanent visual damage from

prolonged use of electronic devices.

Are Video Games, iPads and Cell Phones Damaging To Children’s Eyes? « VisiVite.Com Blog – Eye Health, Macular Degeneration, Nutrition and Senior Lifestyle Information. (n.d.).VisiVite.Com Blog – Eye Health, Macular Degeneration, Nutrition and Senior Lifestyle Information. Retrieved October 13, 2011, from http://blog.visivite.com/2011/08/video-games-childrens-vision/

24.

The cause of strain and fatigue comes from the fact that while engaging in these activities your eyes are focusing and moving closer together, causing the muscle to get tired and feel strained.

25.

The dry eye, scratchy feeling comes from the fact that while you are doing any of these activities, you actually blink much less than while you are doing normal daily activities.

26.

AP Biology Summer Scavenger Hunt- Fiser

Thursday, September 15, 2011

ADAMSON RESEARCH